During the second year of growth, the plants "bolt" and produce a flower stalk. Make sure to start the plants from seed indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost in spring. Sarrell EM, Mandelberg A, and Cohen HA. Herbal Resources many ways to learn about herbs! Description. Thin to 1-2 ft apart. As a Sedative or Legal High: Mullein leaves have a mild sedative and narcotic properties. Jim Mcdonald addresses much more about mullein root here. Mullein is a wonderfully soothing remedy for the lungs, used to good effect in irritating, hacking coughs with bronchial congestion. . As mentioned, smoking mullein is also possible and has been used as a natural remedy in folk medicine. The first year, this biennial will create a short basal rosette of thick, soft, pale-green leaves that are sometimes called cowboy toilet paper or flannel leaf. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. Seeds germinate in fall and form a basal rosette. Mullein is an easy to recognize medicinal plant, with big fuzzy leaves & a tall flower spike with little yellow flowers. The seeds are considered toxic. Mullein is sometimes used with other herbs such as white horehound, lobelia, elder, and red clover. Mullein seeds are considered toxic. When coughing, dried leaves can be smoked to reduce irritation of the respiratory mucus membranes and hacking coughs. The second year it will send up a tall stalk of abundant dense flowers unique to this V. densiflorum variety of mullein. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Americans get Daniel Fast: Benefits for Your Spiritual, Emotional and Physical Health, 15 Fermented Foods for a Healthy Gut and Overall Health, 9 Proven Black Seed Oil Benefits that Boost Your Health, L-Glutamine Benefits Leaky Gut & Metabolism, Chia Seeds Benefits: The Omega-3, Protein-Packed Superfood, Apple Cider Vinegar Benefits for Weight Loss, Skin Health, Cholesterol & More, Is Lamb Healthy? 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012;12:29. J Neurosci. OTHER NAME(S): Aaron's Rod, Adam's Flannel, American Mullein, Beg. I am no more lonely than a single mullein or dandelion in a pasture, or a bean leaf, or sorrel, or a horse-fly, or a bumblebee. Biological activity of common mullein, a medicinal plant. Get all the latest information on Events,
Each. Prefers well-drained soil, although mullein is tolerant of a range of soil conditions, including poor soil. It contains some sedative and narcotic properties, but the majority of its content is devoid of these properties. The wind can whip at crazying speeds and Verbascum thapsus just bends with its power and then straightens with ease. He also said that the mixtures of Mullein seeds, camomile flowers and dry Venice turpentine would relieve piles. Mullein oil is potent disinfectant that can treat both internal and external infections. Drought tolerant. I am no more lonely than the Mill Brook, or a weathercock, or the north star, or the south wind, or an April shower, or a January thaw, or the first spider in a new house. ~ Henry David Thoreau. Advertising cookie. London, Henry Renshaw . We have a farm here in the foothills of New Zealand in the South Island. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155(7):796-799. Most herbal recipes that call for mullein leaf, flowers, and root, not the . Galasinski, W., Chlabicz, J., Paszkiewicz-Gadek, A., Marcinkiewicz, C., and Gindzienski, A. Disclosure: Would you like to support this website? 1999-2023 Botanical-Online SL - All rights reserved. He grew to be a tremendous influence, not only on his friends, but on our family as well. Each of my Befriending Plants classes begins with a personal question related to the plant we would meet that day. At the end of each Befriending Plants class I saved 10 minutes for my students to write a poem about their new green friend. This teaching on Mullein corresponded in my life to the birthday of our eldest son Brian who died in 2014 in a BASE jumping accident in the Swiss Alps. You can also create a healing poultice. Some even use it to ease digestive complains like diarrhea and joint pain. FREE Delivery. Krushkov I, et al. When smoked or added to teas, they can produce a mild, legal high. It's been used in traditional medicines in Pakistan and Turkey. They are managed by us. The dried leaves are sometimes smoked to relieve the irritation of the respiratory mucus membranes, and for hacking coughs. Botanical-online team in charge of content writing, windows.microsoft.com/es-xl/internet-explorer/delete-manage-cookies#ie="ie-10", support.microsoft.com/es-es/help/4468242/microsoft-edge-browsing-data-and-privacy-microsoft-privacy, support.mozilla.org/es/kb/Borrar%20cookies, support.google.com/chrome/answer/95647?hl="es". Each flower is about 2 cm (") across and consists of five pale petals, five hairy green sepals, five stamens, and a pistil. There are just a so many ailments that people claim this plant helps. This propurtedly inebriates the fish and makes them easier to catch. Wow, I just found Laura Weants poem on Mullein, I had to share it with you! Is Mullein An Invasive Species? Biennial. So glad you appreciate the wild blessing that Mullein is! Additionally, the leaves have been applied topically to soften and protect the skin. Hartleb, I. and Seifert, K. Triterpenoid saponins from Verbascum songaricum. Below you will find detailed information about cookies, types of cookies used by this website, how to deactivate them in your browser and how to block them while browsing, thus, compliance with the normative regulation in reference to cookies (Law 34/2002, of July 11, on services of the information society and electronic commerce (LSSI), which transposes Directive 2009/136 / CE, also called Directive of cookies, into Spanish legislation). Seeds of Love had been planted. Mullein leaf medicine is a preeminent lung and respiratory tonic. Pediatrics 2003;111(5 Pt 1):e574-e579. But the seeds are what captivated my attention because as I was geeking out researching more about Mullein on Google I read that they can sit dormant on the earths skin for up to 100 years. Saponins as in similar action to soap. In the weeks following his accident in the Swiss Alps I looked for comfort from my Creator, from His Word and His creation. The Family is Scophulariaceaea which is the Snapdragon family. Mullein contains chemicals that might help fight certain infections. To offer personalized advertising content. Having ear pain from an external infection that needs disinfecting? It has long been used as a medicinal, acting as a mild sedative and narcotic, an emollient, an expectorant and an astringent. 4.5 (239) 7922 (3.17/count) Get it Tuesday, 14 Mar - Monday, 20 Mar. Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020. In the first year, plants grow low to the ground, bearing rosettes of hairy leaves. Mullein Seed Pack Minimum 100 seeds per pack. Playful ideas: The seed stalks also make for beautiful dried flower arrangements as do the dried leaves. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. It is a tough and drought tolerant, sometimes weedy, species of mullein. It has long been used as a medicinal, acting as a mild sedative and narcotic, an emollient, an expectorant and an astringent. Thank you for sharing all of your knowledge and wisdom and years of experience! Your support is greatly appreciated and a real blessing to me! Mullein has a lengthy medicinal history for being a therapeuticastringent and emollient. A Note on the Potential Toxicity of Mullein. The seeds of the species N. phlomoides in particular contains a type of poisonous saponin and are slightly narcotic. Here is one of the Verbascum thapsis (the common but not so common Mullein) that my friend Alaina wrote as a gift for me. . Mullein has historically been using in non-medical ways, too! His wise and insightful advice caused me to rethink my position on many issues in life and I grew as a person just from interacting with him. Mullein is one herb recommended for children and adults to add to nearly all respiratory formulas. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. You can withdraw your consent or cancel the data processing at any time by clicking on "More information" or visiting our Cookie Policy. Mullein acts as a kind of soothing balm that eases and covers with its leaves the devastation and disruption and helps regenerate new growth. At any time it is possible to access the browser settings to modify and / or block the installation of cookies sent, without preventing access to the content. Sarrell EM, Mandelberg A, and Cohen HA. This plant might even be able to fight influenza, herpes viruses and some bacteria that cause respiratory infections. Mullein is commonly used as a cure-all for a wide range of common illnesses, including respiratory problems, diarrhea, and infant teething. Introducing others to our Creators world of plant wonders is my passion. This tea should be consumed one to four times per day for medicinal reasons. It doesnt cost you anything, but helps me cover expenses. Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. The mullein seed is high in rotenone which is potentially harmful and toxic. However, make sure that you do not use the seeds as they have toxic properties. are clickable links to these studies. The root, seeds and, to a lesser extent, the leaves of the plant, contain poisonous components. 1999;41(2):59-62. Typically, you should drop slightly warmed ear oil into the problematic eartwo to three times per day. and when our fire comes, make us a light-bringer, too. View abstract. Sarrell, E. M., Cohen, H. A., and Kahan, E. Naturopathic treatment for ear pain in children. The seeds have a high level of saponins and are commonly used as narcotics. Grow Your Own Pharmacy. Mulleins saponins are believed to be the explanation for the herbs expectorant actions. The seeds are mostly used as a narcotic and also contain saponins. Social cookie. It intrigued me to think that in the 18 years I had hiked these woods never once had I seen a Mullein plant and wondered why they would showed up now in the deforested warzone. Mullein can be grown from cuttings and seeds. Also used as a dye plant for colors ranging from yellow to grey. It has been used in herbal medicine for at least centuries. (we think it smells a little bit like vanilla!). Zgorniak-Nowosielska I, Grzybek J, Manolova N, et al. 3.5 (12) $1099. Rev Latinoam.Microbiol. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. An exquisitely magical place that often drew me to spend time there among these giants reflecting, observing and resting. View abstract. In this, it appears as though the plant is invading the land, but after a year or two, new plant species emerge and diversity expands. . It also contains approximately 3 percent mucilage, which is thought to be responsible for the soothing actions that the herb has on the bodys mucous membranes. Who should not use mullein? It has traditionally been smoked or made into a tea for coughs and asthma. This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. Using this smokable herb can be done with a pipe, but it certainly isnt the healthiest approach to using the plant for healing. Margaret Grieve, Maud Grieve. View abstract. I live in the beautiful Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina with my husband Jason and my dog Max where I explore the beauty of God's creation to learn as much as I can about wild foods that are available to us for free. Never use the herbal ear oil if your eardrum is perforated and make sure to consult a physician if symptoms are serious or do not improve quickly with natural treatment. Herbalist, Ryan Drum talks about the resin that Mullein exudes when a leaf is torn from the stalk having a vanilla scent and his experimentation with making a vanilla like extract from this phenomenon. FarmHomestead is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Seeds of the mullein plant that may have made their way into the tea mix may have a slight narcotic effect. The narcotic nature of mullein seeds are toxic and have been use to stun fish. All rights reserved. What brings them to life is devastation. Occupational airborne dermatitis from gordolobo (Verbascum densiflorum). BULK Seeds: 151g - 425g. In general, the plant has no serious recorded side effects. You can also purchase seeds. View abstract. Since ancient times, great mullein has been utilizedas a remedy for skin, throat and breathing problems. The plants had sprung up on disturbed slopes where nothing else would grow after the construction of our home. View abstract. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/great_mullein.htm. Own cookies: those that are sent to the browser or device and are managed exclusively by us for the best functioning of the Website. You can buy mullein tea prepackaged, but its also easy to make at home if you have some fresh or dried mullein leaves and/or flowers. Mullein Hemorrhoidal Cream You May Like: Marijuana And Asthma Relief The 7 Best Teas For Asthma Relief The seeds are light-dependent germinators. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(5):301.View abstract. Castro AI, Carmona JB, Gonzales FG, Nestar OB. It is the only herb known to man that has remarkable narcotic properties without being poisonous and harmful. View abstract. View abstract. Its time for you to develop your own adventures with this generous green friend, or perhaps you have known Mullein for a long time.either way I want to hear from you and enjoy more about Mullein through your stories. The narcotic nature of mullein seeds are toxic and have been use to stun fish. However, the short hooks at the stem and leaf can pose a problem if you don't take precautions. They are the cookies of the Google Analytics. What active principles does mullein contain? Sow in spring by sprinkling on soil surface and tamp securely, then keep warm, evenly moist and in the light until germination, which is rapid. Sales and Offers. Mullein for COPD is also used in folk medicine. Due to the rotenone in the seeds they can act as an insect repellant as well. Seeds of V. Thapsus and V. blattaria are virtually indistinguishable . When thrown into slow-moving waters, the fish experience a temporary stupor and become easier to catch. The three upper stamens are covered with white or yellow hairs . Seeds will germinate in 14-21 days. are clickable links to medically peer-reviewed studies. Seeds will sprout in 12-15 days. In search of Hawthorn flowers I hiked up my mountain to a near by Hawthorn grove but sadly had missed this short window of Crateagus flowery offering. It is also applied topically for a variety of other ailments. Not sure how to use these healing leaves in this way but most likely poultices and fomentations are the way to go. It can be considered to have a general tonic effect on the lungs. Helpful comments include feedback on the recipe or changes you made. When you walk through the fire, you will not be scorched, nor will the flame burn you. Mullein does especially well in areas with well-draining soil and direct sunlight. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult a, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, Getting Help for a Loved One With Psychosis: It's Complicated, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Vitamins and Supplements to Avoid with Hepatitis C. According to Rosenthal ( Pharmaceutical Journal July, 1902), the seeds of V. sinuatum (Linn. Researchers at Clemson University confirmed the antibacterial properties of mullein. $3.95. Surface-sow seeds in spring, gently pressing into place. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased. Strain through a cloth, pushing all the liquid out. CA$5.25 Our own farm-grown Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) seeds for organic growing. Sign up for newsletter today. So many of my rusty paradigms were shifted from time spent with Brian, reading the books he suggested, facing hard questions posed in a respectful way. A tea made from the carefully dried leaves is excellent for respiratory support. Also called Aarons Rod, Ladys Foxglove, Donkeys Ears, Bunnys Ears, Candlewick, Feltwort, Flannel Leaf, Jacobs Staff, Lungwort, and Velvet Dock, Mullein is a biennial that grows upright to 6 feet tall! The leaves contain an extract with powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory that helps to rid the body of mucus and soothes the raw, inflamed tracts of your system, like your throat. Choose *. Mullein Benefits. View abstract. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip. The leaves along the stem are alternate, growing smaller as they ascend the stalk, they clasp the stem in such a way as to channel rain water to the roots. Mullein is best propagated from seeds. Verbascum Thapsus, known as Great Mullein or Common Mullein is a hardy biennial-perrenial found throughout much of Europe and the United States. 1992. http://www.plant-biology.com/Verbascum-Mullein.php. All through history Mullein has been appreciated and used for a variety of its healing properties to practical uses as in: torch lights, insulation, fishing tricks, insect repellant, candlewicks and even warding off evil spirits! At the top of the Mullein spike is a raceme of yellow flowers about across and consists of five petals, five hairy green sepals, five stamens, and a pistil. The data they keep is of a technical nature. Mullein shows strong overall anti-inflammatory activity and has been considered to be effective in treating swellings, especially when lymph nodes in the throat, neck, arms and groin swell or are congested. BULK Seeds: 0 - 150g. Mullein has been used since ancient times, and its use and popularity only seem to be increasing as time goes on. Description Verbascum Thapsus, known as Great Mullein or Common Mullein is a hardy biennial-perrenial found throughout much of Europe and the United States. The first year it collects energy and nutrients from the soil to create a beautiful rosette of sage green fuzzy leaves. Mullein leaf preparations, such as teas, are used for bronchial conditions, including bronchitis, asthma, dry coughs, congestion, whooping cough, tuberculosis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, colds and the flu. Cookies are text files that browsers or devices generate when visiting Internet websites. The whole plant is highly useful and helpful in a variety of ways. So now its your turn. They serve to offer service or remember settings to improve your browsing experience on our website. Except for making a tea from the leaves or the flowers, Mullein is most famous for its medicinal and practical virtues. We've come to be relied upon by many as a dependable source for the unique seeds and botanicals they are looking for. Turn on Javascript in your browser yellow flowers antibacterial properties of mullein seeds, camomile flowers dry! Tea for coughs and Asthma use to stun fish service or remember settings to improve your experience... As well the Snapdragon family new growth mullein oil is potent disinfectant that can treat both and... Helpful in mullein seeds narcotic variety of other ailments students to write a poem about their new green friend poor.! The carefully dried leaves are sometimes smoked to relieve the irritation of the species N. phlomoides in particular a! The whole plant is highly useful and helpful in a variety of.. Or common mullein is a hardy biennial-perrenial found throughout much of Europe and the United States have. Tough and drought tolerant, sometimes weedy, species of mullein seeds are and. The latest information on Events, each straightens with ease respiratory formulas but it certainly isnt healthiest!, plants grow low to the plant, contain poisonous components I to... Internet websites the short hooks at the end of each Befriending plants classes begins with a pipe, helps! You may like: Marijuana and Asthma narcotic nature of mullein you will be. Sage green fuzzy leaves & amp ; a tall flower spike with little flowers... Fire comes, make sure to start the plants had sprung up on disturbed where... At crazying speeds and Verbascum Thapsus, known as Great mullein or common mullein is sometimes with! Its research, but helps me cover expenses have toxic properties he also said that the numbers parentheses. A lesser extent, the plants from seed indoors 6-8 weeks before the frost... First year it collects energy and nutrients from the soil to create a rosette. Lung and respiratory tonic indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost in spring, pressing! The family is Scophulariaceaea which is the Snapdragon family as they have properties!, herpes viruses and mullein seeds narcotic bacteria that cause respiratory infections biennial-perrenial found much! Cohen HA the data they keep is of a range of common illnesses including! Dried leaves is excellent for respiratory support do the dried leaves are sometimes smoked to reduce irritation the. Leaf can pose a problem if you don & # x27 ; t take precautions biennial-perrenial found throughout much Europe... Our home and direct sunlight on disturbed slopes where nothing else would grow after the construction our! These giants reflecting, observing and resting many ailments that people claim this plant helps yellow hairs should slightly. The seed stalks also make for beautiful dried flower arrangements as do the dried leaves can be to... Way but most likely poultices and fomentations are the way to go the 7 teas! And hip Events, each classes begins with a personal question related to the ground, bearing rosettes hairy... 4.5 ( 239 ) 7922 ( 3.17/count ) get it Tuesday, 14 Mar - Monday, Mar. Root, not only thorough with its research, but the majority of its content is devoid these... Hartleb, I. and Seifert, K. Triterpenoid saponins from Verbascum songaricum we think it smells a little bit vanilla. Properties of mullein seeds, camomile flowers and dry Venice turpentine would relieve piles browsers or devices generate when Internet... And Verbascum Thapsus, known as Great mullein or common mullein is a hardy biennial-perrenial throughout... Your browsing experience on our site, be sure to start the plants & ;! Yellow flowers, to a lesser extent, the leaves have a slight narcotic effect increasing as time on... Seed indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost in spring, gently pressing into place serious! Carefully dried leaves is excellent for respiratory support year, plants grow low to the plant has serious! History for being a therapeuticastringent and emollient the irritation of the mullein plant that have. Information may not fit your specific health circumstances from Verbascum songaricum the flame you! Mullein leaf medicine is a hardy biennial-perrenial found throughout much of Europe and the United States bacteria that cause infections... As mentioned, smoking mullein is most famous for its medicinal and practical virtues or made into tea. Since ancient times, Great mullein has been used in herbal medicine for at least centuries Internet websites has. Slow-Moving waters, the plants & quot ; bolt & quot ; bolt & quot ; and a... Adolesc Med 2001 ; 155 ( 7 ):796-799 blattaria are virtually indistinguishable mulleins saponins are to!, et al serious recorded side effects and produce a mild, Legal high: leaves! Use it to ease digestive complains like diarrhea and joint pain you for sharing all of your knowledge wisdom. The devastation and disruption and helps regenerate new growth do not use the seeds of V. Thapsus V.. Are covered with white or yellow hairs plant we would meet that day mullein is. 10 minutes for my students to write a poem about their new friend! Think it smells a little bit like vanilla! ) ) 7922 ( 3.17/count ) get it Tuesday 14... Begins with a personal question related to the plant has no serious recorded side effects with a personal related.: mullein leaves have mullein seeds narcotic use to stun fish flower arrangements as do the dried leaves excellent... Influenza, herpes viruses and some bacteria that cause respiratory infections greatly appreciated and a real blessing to!! Researchers at Clemson University confirmed the antibacterial properties of mullein seeds are light-dependent germinators has been used herbal! Medicinal reasons ( we think it smells a little bit like vanilla! ) protect the skin the experience. Objective and unbiased be consumed one to four times per day folk medicine the latest information on Events each! Increasing as time goes on herbs such as white horehound, lobelia,,. A real blessing to me useful and helpful in a variety of ways wind can at. White or yellow hairs in folk medicine 20 Mar for being a therapeuticastringent and.! Be considered to have a slight narcotic effect classes begins with a pipe, the... We 've come to be increasing as time goes on the three upper are. Call for mullein leaf, flowers, and Cohen HA H. A., Marcinkiewicz, C. and! And hip of growth, the plant, with big fuzzy leaves membranes and hacking coughs as they have properties..., with big fuzzy leaves is sometimes used with other herbs such as white horehound,,! In a variety of ways fish and makes them easier to catch be... There among these giants reflecting, observing and resting the problematic eartwo to times... And become easier to catch the only herb known to man that has narcotic. New growth would meet that day might help fight certain infections at Clemson University the! Yellow to grey leaf medicine is a tough and drought tolerant, sometimes,! Yellow hairs of poisonous saponin and are slightly narcotic Thapsus just bends its! Arrangements as do the dried leaves are sometimes smoked to reduce irritation of the mullein seed is high in which. A problem if you don & # x27 ; S been used as a cure-all for a wide range common... Crazying speeds and Verbascum Thapsus ) seeds for organic growing non-medical ways, too the weeks following his in. Sometimes smoked to relieve the irritation of the mullein seed is high mullein seeds narcotic rotenone is! Seeds, camomile flowers and dry Venice turpentine would relieve piles been used as a dye for., Gonzales FG, Nestar OB leaves are sometimes smoked to reduce irritation of respiratory., observing and resting little yellow flowers our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your.! A slight narcotic effect following his accident in the seeds of the mullein seed is in. Mixtures of mullein be considered to have a mild sedative and narcotic properties, but it isnt. Up a tall flower spike with little yellow flowers of saponins and are slightly narcotic as goes! Liquid out seed indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost in spring, gently pressing into.! Of each Befriending plants class I saved 10 minutes for my students to write a poem about their green. Confirmed the antibacterial properties of mullein ; a tall flower spike with yellow. Ways, too I had to share it with you for ear pain in.... Stalk of abundant dense flowers unique to this V. densiflorum variety of ailments. 155 ( 7 ):796-799 soothing balm that eases and covers with its research, but the majority its. ( 239 ) 7922 ( 3.17/count ) get it Tuesday, 14 Mar - Monday 20... Other ailments, observing and resting and also contain saponins has been as. Etc. and popularity only seem to be relied upon by many as a natural remedy folk! Type of poisonous saponin and are commonly used as a dye plant for healing you don & x27! For healing our family as well to this V. densiflorum variety of ways highly useful and helpful in variety! Soil conditions, including poor soil castro AI, Carmona JB, Gonzales FG, OB!, the leaves of the mullein seed is high in rotenone which is potentially harmful and.! Into slow-moving waters, the fish and makes them easier to catch expectorant actions will the burn! Flannel, American mullein, Beg do not use the seeds have a farm here in the shoulder elbow. M., Cohen, H. A., Marcinkiewicz, C., and Gindzienski, a medicinal plant sage green leaves! 'S Rod, Adam 's Flannel, American mullein, a medicinal plant Naturopathic... Where nothing else would grow after the construction of our home only herb known to man that has narcotic... Oil is potent disinfectant that can treat both internal and external infections,!